Definition

Noun: A type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences. Specifically, it is a form of operant conditioning where a specific response or action is followed by a reinforcement or punishment. The reinforcement is delivered only after the target behavior occurs, strengthening the association between the behavior and its outcome.

Usage

This term is used primarily in the field of psychology, specifically behavioral psychology, to describe a fundamental learning process. - It explains how voluntary behaviors are acquired and maintained. - It is often contrasted with classical conditioning, which involves reflexive responses to stimuli.

Examples

• In a laboratory setting: "The researcher used instrumental conditioning to train the rat to press a lever for a food pellet."
• In everyday learning: "A child learns to say 'please' through instrumental conditioning when the behavior is consistently followed by receiving the desired item."
• In animal training: "Teaching a dog to sit using treats is a clear application of instrumental conditioning."

Advanced Usage

• The Law of Effect: Instrumental conditioning is closely tied to Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
• Schedules of Reinforcement: The pattern of how and when reinforcement is delivered (e.g., fixed-ratio, variable-interval) is a critical component studied within instrumental conditioning paradigms.

Variants and Related Words

• Operant Conditioning: Often used synonymously with instrumental conditioning, though some theorists make subtle distinctions. Operant conditioning is the broader category.
• Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
• Punishment: A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
• Instrumental Learning: Another term for instrumental conditioning.

Synonyms

• Operant Conditioning
• Instrumental Learning

Related Phrases

• Trial-and-Error Learning: A process associated with instrumental conditioning where an organism tries various responses until one is reinforced.
• Contingency Management: A therapeutic application based on the principles of instrumental conditioning, where behaviors are systematically reinforced.

Noun

1. operant conditioning that pairs a response with a reinforcement in discrete trials; reinforcement occurs only after the response is given